allenai / specter2

SPECTER2

SPECTER2 is a family of models that succeeds SPECTER and is capable of generating task specific embeddings for scientific tasks when paired with adapters . Given the combination of title and abstract of a scientific paper or a short texual query, the model can be used to generate effective embeddings to be used in downstream applications.

Note:For general embedding purposes, please use allenai/specter2 .

To get the best performance on a downstream task type please load the associated adapter () with the base model as in the example below.

Dec 2023 Update:

Model usage updated to be compatible with latest versions of transformers and adapters (newly released update to adapter-transformers) libraries.

Aug 2023 Update:

1. The SPECTER2 Base and proximity adapter models have been renamed in Hugging Face based upon usage patterns as follows:

1. We have a parallel version (termed aug2023refresh ) where the base transformer encoder version is pre-trained on a collection of newer papers (published after 2018). However, for benchmarking purposes, please continue using the current version.

Adapter allenai/specter2 for allenai/specter2_base

An adapter for the allenai/specter2_base model that was trained on the allenai/scirepeval dataset.

This adapter was created for usage with the adapters library.

Adapter Usage

First, install adapters :

pip install -U adapters

Note: adapters is built as an add on to transformers and acts as a drop-in replacement with adapter support. More

Now, the adapter can be loaded and activated like this:

from adapters import AutoAdapterModel

model = AutoAdapterModel.from_pretrained("allenai/specter2_base")
adapter_name = model.load_adapter("allenai/specter2", source="hf", set_active=True)

Model Details

Model Description

SPECTER2 has been trained on over 6M triplets of scientific paper citations, which are available here . Post that it is trained with additionally attached task format specific adapter modules on all the SciRepEval training tasks.

Task Formats trained on:

• Classification
• Regression
• Proximity (Retrieval)
• Adhoc Search

This is a retrieval specific adapter. For tasks where given a paper query, other relevant papers have to be retrieved from a corpus, use this adapter to generate the embeddings.

It builds on the work done in SciRepEval: A Multi-Format Benchmark for Scientific Document Representations and we evaluate the trained model on this benchmark as well.

• Developed by: Amanpreet Singh, Mike D'Arcy, Arman Cohan, Doug Downey, Sergey Feldman
• Shared by : Allen AI
• Model type: bert-base-uncased + adapters
• License: Apache 2.0
• Finetuned from model: allenai/scibert .

Model Sources

• Repository: https://github.com/allenai/SPECTER2
• Paper: https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254018137
• Demo: Usage

Uses

Direct Use

*Proximity model should suffice for downstream task types not mentioned above

from transformers import AutoTokenizer
from adapters import AutoAdapterModel

# load model and tokenizer
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained('allenai/specter2_base')

#load base model
model = AutoAdapterModel.from_pretrained('allenai/specter2_base')

#load the adapter(s) as per the required task, provide an identifier for the adapter in load_as argument and activate it
model.load_adapter("allenai/specter2", source="hf", load_as="specter2", set_active=True)

papers = [{'title': 'BERT', 'abstract': 'We introduce a new language representation model called BERT'},
          {'title': 'Attention is all you need', 'abstract': ' The dominant sequence transduction models are based on complex recurrent or convolutional neural networks'}]

# concatenate title and abstract
text_batch = [d['title'] + tokenizer.sep_token + (d.get('abstract') or '') for d in papers]
# preprocess the input
inputs = self.tokenizer(text_batch, padding=True, truncation=True,
                                   return_tensors="pt", return_token_type_ids=False, max_length=512)
output = model(**inputs)
# take the first token in the batch as the embedding
embeddings = output.last_hidden_state[:, 0, :]

Downstream Use

For evaluation and downstream usage, please refer to https://github.com/allenai/scirepeval/blob/main/evaluation/INFERENCE.md .

Training Details

Training Data

The base model is trained on citation links between papers and the adapters are trained on 8 large scale tasks across the four formats. All the data is a part of SciRepEval benchmark and is available here .

The citation link are triplets in the form

{"query": {"title": ..., "abstract": ...}, "pos": {"title": ..., "abstract": ...}, "neg": {"title": ..., "abstract": ...}}

consisting of a query paper, a positive citation and a negative which can be from the same/different field of study as the query or citation of a citation.

Training Procedure

Please refer to the SPECTER paper .

Training Hyperparameters

The model is trained in two stages using SciRepEval :

• Base Model: First a base model is trained on the above citation triplets.

batch size = 1024, max input length = 512, learning rate = 2e-5, epochs = 2 warmup steps = 10% fp16

• Adapters: Thereafter, task format specific adapters are trained on the SciRepEval training tasks, where 600K triplets are sampled from above and added to the training data as well.

batch size = 256, max input length = 512, learning rate = 1e-4, epochs = 6 warmup = 1000 steps fp16

Evaluation

We evaluate the model on SciRepEval , a large scale eval benchmark for scientific embedding tasks which which has [SciDocs] as a subset. We also evaluate and establish a new SoTA on MDCR , a large scale citation recommendation benchmark.

Please cite the following works if you end up using SPECTER 2.0:

SciRepEval paper

@inproceedings{Singh2022SciRepEvalAM,
  title={SciRepEval: A Multi-Format Benchmark for Scientific Document Representations},
  author={Amanpreet Singh and Mike D'Arcy and Arman Cohan and Doug Downey and Sergey Feldman},
  booktitle={Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing},
  year={2022},
  url={https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254018137}
}