Stable LM 2 12B
is a 12.1 billion parameter decoder-only language model pre-trained on 2 trillion tokens of diverse multilingual and code datasets for two epochs.
Contact
: For questions and comments about the model, please email
lm@stability.ai
Model Architecture
The model is a decoder-only transformer with the following architecture:
Parameters
Hidden Size
Layers
Heads
KV Heads
Sequence Length
12,143,605,760
5120
40
32
8
4096
Position Embeddings
: Rotary Position Embeddings (
Su et al., 2021
) applied to the first 25% of head embedding dimensions for improved throughput following
Black et al. (2022)
.
Parallel Layers
: Parallel attention and feed-forward residual layers with a single input LayerNorm (
Wang, 2021
).
Biases
: We remove all bias terms from the feed-forward networks and grouped-query self-attention layers.
Tokenizer
: We use Arcade100k, a BPE tokenizer extended from OpenAI's
tiktoken.cl100k_base
. We split digits into individual tokens following findings by
Liu & Low (2023)
.
Given the large amount of web data, we recommend fine-tuning the base
Stable LM 2 12B
for your downstream tasks.
Training Procedure
The model is pre-trained on the aforementioned datasets in
bfloat16
precision, optimized with AdamW, and trained using the Arcade100k tokenizer with a vocabulary size of 100,352. We outline the complete hyperparameters choices in the project's
GitHub repository - config*
.
Training Infrastructure
Hardware
:
Stable LM 2 12B
was trained on the Stability AI cluster across 384 NVIDIA H100 GPUs (AWS P5 instances).
Software
: We use a fork of
gpt-neox
(
EleutherAI, 2021
), train under 2D parallelism (Data and Tensor Parallel) with ZeRO-1 (
Rajbhandari et al., 2019
), and rely on flash-attention as well as SwiGLU and Rotary Embedding kernels from FlashAttention-2 (
Dao et al., 2023
)
Use and Limitations
Intended Use
The model is intended to be used as a foundational base model for application-specific fine-tuning. Developers must evaluate and fine-tune the model for safe performance in downstream applications. For commercial use, please refer to
https://stability.ai/membership
.
Limitations and Bias
As a base model, this model may exhibit unreliable, unsafe, or other undesirable behaviors that must be corrected through evaluation and fine-tuning prior to deployment. The pre-training dataset may have contained offensive or inappropriate content, even after applying data cleansing filters, which can be reflected in the model-generated text. We recommend that users exercise caution when using these models in production systems. Do not use the models if they are unsuitable for your application, or for any applications that may cause deliberate or unintentional harm to others.
How to Cite
@article{bellagente2024stable,
title={Stable LM 2 1.6 B Technical Report},
author={Bellagente, Marco and Tow, Jonathan and Mahan, Dakota and Phung, Duy and Zhuravinskyi, Maksym and Adithyan, Reshinth and Baicoianu, James and Brooks, Ben and Cooper, Nathan and Datta, Ashish and others},
journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2402.17834},
year={2024}
}
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35
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277
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