thenlper / gte-large

gte-large

General Text Embeddings (GTE) model. Towards General Text Embeddings with Multi-stage Contrastive Learning

The GTE models are trained by Alibaba DAMO Academy. They are mainly based on the BERT framework and currently offer three different sizes of models, including GTE-large , GTE-base , and GTE-small . The GTE models are trained on a large-scale corpus of relevance text pairs, covering a wide range of domains and scenarios. This enables the GTE models to be applied to various downstream tasks of text embeddings, including information retrieval , semantic textual similarity , text reranking , etc.

Metrics

We compared the performance of the GTE models with other popular text embedding models on the MTEB benchmark. For more detailed comparison results, please refer to the MTEB leaderboard .

Usage

Code example

import torch.nn.functional as F
from torch import Tensor
from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModel

def average_pool(last_hidden_states: Tensor,
                 attention_mask: Tensor) -> Tensor:
    last_hidden = last_hidden_states.masked_fill(~attention_mask[..., None].bool(), 0.0)
    return last_hidden.sum(dim=1) / attention_mask.sum(dim=1)[..., None]

input_texts = [
    "what is the capital of China?",
    "how to implement quick sort in python?",
    "Beijing",
    "sorting algorithms"
]

tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("thenlper/gte-large")
model = AutoModel.from_pretrained("thenlper/gte-large")

# Tokenize the input texts
batch_dict = tokenizer(input_texts, max_length=512, padding=True, truncation=True, return_tensors='pt')

outputs = model(**batch_dict)
embeddings = average_pool(outputs.last_hidden_state, batch_dict['attention_mask'])

# (Optionally) normalize embeddings
embeddings = F.normalize(embeddings, p=2, dim=1)
scores = (embeddings[:1] @ embeddings[1:].T) * 100
print(scores.tolist())

Use with sentence-transformers:

from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer
from sentence_transformers.util import cos_sim

sentences = ['That is a happy person', 'That is a very happy person']

model = SentenceTransformer('thenlper/gte-large')
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(cos_sim(embeddings[0], embeddings[1]))

Limitation

This model exclusively caters to English texts, and any lengthy texts will be truncated to a maximum of 512 tokens.

Citation

If you find our paper or models helpful, please consider citing them as follows:

@article{li2023towards,
  title={Towards general text embeddings with multi-stage contrastive learning},
  author={Li, Zehan and Zhang, Xin and Zhang, Yanzhao and Long, Dingkun and Xie, Pengjun and Zhang, Meishan},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2308.03281},
  year={2023}
}