MAD HONEY Toxin Synthesis (Educational): Science & Chemistry of Grayanotoxin & Kalmanol
🐝 Mad honey is a natural but neurotoxic substance created when bees happen to collect nectar from certain poisonous plants. From ancient military mishaps to cutting-edge drug development, we connect history, biology, and chemistry in this educational video. The second part explains the total synthesis of kalmanol (a rare cousin of grayanotoxin, the primary toxin in mad honey) which is more geared towards chemistry students and synthesis nerds. Thank you for your interest!
https://total-synthesis.com/organic-chemistry-practice-problems/
🧑🎓➡️ Free organic chemistry practice problems
https://www.patreon.com/totalsynthesis
🚀 Thanks to all channel supporters!!!
https://www.instagram.com/totalsynthesis_official/
👉 Follow me on Instagram for updates on random research, mechanism quizzes and interesting news!
00:00 Mad money, a toxic hallucinogenic cure-all?
00:47 Kalmanol’s isolation and relationship to grayanotoxin
01:55 History of mad honey (Xenophon, Pompey)
03:39 Why is mad honey toxic? Voltage-gated sodium ion channels
05:45 Grayanotoxin’s and tetrodotoxin’s effect on the heart
07:09 Chemical synthesis of toxins: Reasons for and against it
10:14 Clinical progress in NaV1.8 inhibition (suzetrigine against pain)
12:22 Thanks for watching!
12:35 Chemistry theory vs. practice
14:13 Retrosynthesis of kalmanol
15:27 Synthesis of the fragments and Grignard reaction
20:12 Practice problems (total-synthesis.com)
22:21 Olefin functionalization and completion
24:24 Synthesis of grayanotoxin, saxitoxin and wrap-up
Key references:
- Mad Honey and the Poisoner King: A Case of Mass Grayanotoxin Poisoning in the Roman Military | Cureus 2023, 15, e38289
- Kalmanol, a pharmacologically active diterpenoid with a new ring skeleton from Kalmia angustifolia L | J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1989, 111, 5831
- Grayanotoxin (Mad Honey) - Ongoing Consumption After Poisoning | Balkan Medical Journal 2013, 30, 293
- Interactions of Sea Anemone Toxins with Insect Sodium Channel—Insights from Electrophysiology and Molecular Docking Studies | Molecules 2021, 26, 1302
- Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels: Structure, Function, Pharmacology, and Clinical Indications | J. Med. Chem. 2015, 58, 7093
- The effects of grayanotoxin I and alpha-dihydrograyanotoxin II on guinea-pig myocardium | Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 1977, 200, 363
- Convergent Total Synthesis of Kalmanol | Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2024, e202420507
- Enantioselective Total Syntheses of Grayanane Diterpenoids and (+)-Kalmanol: Evolution of the Bridgehead Carbocation-Based Cyclization and Late-Stage Functional Group Manipulation Strategies | J. Org. Chem. 2023, 88, 6017
- Neurotoxins and their binding areas on voltage-gated sodium channels | Front. Pharmacol. 2011, 2, 71
Some recommended books on organic synthesis:
- Clayden, Greeves, Warren; Organic Chemistry (basic organic chemistry knowledge)
- Wyatt, Warren; Organic Synthesis: The Disconnection Approach (excellent introduction to retrosynthesis)
- Kurti, Czako; Strategic Applications of Named Reactions in Organic Synthesis (extensive toolkit of functional group reactions and applications thereof with common conditions)
- Nicolaou; Classics in Total Synthesis 1-3 (the ultimate total synthesis trilogy)
- Nicolaou; Molecules That Changed the World (the world's most important molecules and their impact on everyday life)
- Carreira, Kvaerno; Classics in Stereoselective Synthesis (compilation of the groundbreaking methods of stereoselective synthesis and application to synthesis of stereochemically complex structures)
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NAMM 2025: Groove Synthesis Third Wave Desktop
At NAMM 2025, we caught up with Bob from Groove Synthesis, who introduced us to the *Third Wave Desktop*. This compact version retains the core features of the original keyboard, including its processing power, 24 voices, analog filters, and all 8 outputs. While the control set had been slightly abbreviated for size, it still maintained ease of access through button controls for oscillators and effects. The price point also provides a more budget-friendly option. Since our last encounter, Groove Synthesis had integrated additional features, such as the inclusion of sampling capabilities. The unit allowed 35 seconds of sampling and supported up to 12 samples simultaneously, processed through the synth engine. Bob also highlighted the Prophet VS engine addition. With 48 wavetable positions, this was a nod to the Sequential influence in its design history. *More Info:* https://www.groovesynthesis.com/ |--------| Thanks to our Show sponsors: U-he - https://u-he.com SoundToys - https://soundtoys.com Soma Synths - https://somasynths.com Expressive E - https://expressivee.com We're Using Røde Go Mic III https://rode.com/en/microphones/wireless/wireless-go-gen-3 Sonicstate https://patreon.com/sonicstate Subscribe to Sonicstate on YouTube for new content! http://bit.ly/SonicYTSub Watch Sonicstate's Exclusive Series: Sonic LAB: http://bit.ly/SonicLab Sonic TALK Podcast: http://bit.ly/SonicTalk Website: https://sonicstate.com Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/#!/sonicstate Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/wwwsonicstate Instagram: http://www.instagram.com/sonicstateuk Podcast/iTunes: https://goo.gl/4uOFA5
MAD HONEY Toxin Synthesis (Educational): Science & Chemistry of Grayanotoxin & Kalmanol
🐝 Mad honey is a natural but neurotoxic substance created when bees happen to collect nectar from certain poisonous plants. From ancient military mishaps to cutting-edge drug development, we connect history, biology, and chemistry in this educational video. The second part explains the total synthesis of kalmanol (a rare cousin of grayanotoxin, the primary toxin in mad honey) which is more geared towards chemistry students and synthesis nerds. Thank you for your interest! https://total-synthesis.com/organic-chemistry-practice-problems/ 🧑🎓➡️ Free organic chemistry practice problems https://www.patreon.com/totalsynthesis 🚀 Thanks to all channel supporters!!! https://www.instagram.com/totalsynthesis_official/ 👉 Follow me on Instagram for updates on random research, mechanism quizzes and interesting news! 00:00 Mad money, a toxic hallucinogenic cure-all? 00:47 Kalmanol’s isolation and relationship to grayanotoxin 01:55 History of mad honey (Xenophon, Pompey) 03:39 Why is mad honey toxic? Voltage-gated sodium ion channels 05:45 Grayanotoxin’s and tetrodotoxin’s effect on the heart 07:09 Chemical synthesis of toxins: Reasons for and against it 10:14 Clinical progress in NaV1.8 inhibition (suzetrigine against pain) 12:22 Thanks for watching! 12:35 Chemistry theory vs. practice 14:13 Retrosynthesis of kalmanol 15:27 Synthesis of the fragments and Grignard reaction 20:12 Practice problems (total-synthesis.com) 22:21 Olefin functionalization and completion 24:24 Synthesis of grayanotoxin, saxitoxin and wrap-up Key references: - Mad Honey and the Poisoner King: A Case of Mass Grayanotoxin Poisoning in the Roman Military | Cureus 2023, 15, e38289 - Kalmanol, a pharmacologically active diterpenoid with a new ring skeleton from Kalmia angustifolia L | J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1989, 111, 5831 - Grayanotoxin (Mad Honey) - Ongoing Consumption After Poisoning | Balkan Medical Journal 2013, 30, 293 - Interactions of Sea Anemone Toxins with Insect Sodium Channel—Insights from Electrophysiology and Molecular Docking Studies | Molecules 2021, 26, 1302 - Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels: Structure, Function, Pharmacology, and Clinical Indications | J. Med. Chem. 2015, 58, 7093 - The effects of grayanotoxin I and alpha-dihydrograyanotoxin II on guinea-pig myocardium | Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 1977, 200, 363 - Convergent Total Synthesis of Kalmanol | Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2024, e202420507 - Enantioselective Total Syntheses of Grayanane Diterpenoids and (+)-Kalmanol: Evolution of the Bridgehead Carbocation-Based Cyclization and Late-Stage Functional Group Manipulation Strategies | J. Org. Chem. 2023, 88, 6017 - Neurotoxins and their binding areas on voltage-gated sodium channels | Front. Pharmacol. 2011, 2, 71 Some recommended books on organic synthesis: - Clayden, Greeves, Warren; Organic Chemistry (basic organic chemistry knowledge) - Wyatt, Warren; Organic Synthesis: The Disconnection Approach (excellent introduction to retrosynthesis) - Kurti, Czako; Strategic Applications of Named Reactions in Organic Synthesis (extensive toolkit of functional group reactions and applications thereof with common conditions) - Nicolaou; Classics in Total Synthesis 1-3 (the ultimate total synthesis trilogy) - Nicolaou; Molecules That Changed the World (the world's most important molecules and their impact on everyday life) - Carreira, Kvaerno; Classics in Stereoselective Synthesis (compilation of the groundbreaking methods of stereoselective synthesis and application to synthesis of stereochemically complex structures)
Pros & cons of modular synths (is Eurorack worth it?)
In this video I'll break down various pros and cons of working with modular synthesizers—with the intention of sharing different perspectives and areas to consider, so that you can assess what kinds of tools might work best for you, given your creative goals. Specific areas I'll focus on are the learning curve associated with modular synths, issues around immediacy of use, fitting into existing musical contexts, repeatability, and price. Learn more about my modular synth and sound design class, Learning Sound and Synthesis: https://www.soundandsynthesis.com Join my free introduction to modular synths mini course to learn more about making your own patches in VCV Rack: https://www.soundandsynthesis.com/firstsynthpatch Join me on Patreon for behind the scenes content, unreleased music, and community events: www.patreon.com/sarahbellereid Sarah Belle Reid is a Canadian performer-composer, active in the fields of electroacoustic trumpet performance, intermedia arts, music technology, and improvisation. www.sarahbellereid.com TIMESTAMPS: 2:08 The Learning Curve 8:16 The Issue of Immediacy 12:20 Making "Real" Music 21:23 Repeatability 27:26 Price 30:22 Conclusions
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